Practical work guides
Clear explanations for workplace calculations, spreadsheet formulas and the decisions around them.
How to Calculate CPM: Formula and Examples
Learn the CPM formula for cost per 1,000 impressions, reverse calculations for spend and impressions, and how CPM differs from CPC and CTR.
How to Calculate Overtime Pay: Formula and Examples
Learn a general overtime pay formula using hourly rate, overtime hours and a pay multiplier, with examples for 1.5x and 2x rates.
ROI Formula: How to Calculate Return on Investment
Learn the ROI formula, calculate positive or negative return on investment, and understand how ROI differs from profit and ROAS.
How to Calculate Salary Increase Percentage and New Salary
Learn how to calculate a pay raise percentage, raise amount and new salary from old and new compensation values.
Absenteeism Rate Formula: How to Calculate Employee Absence Rate
Learn how to calculate employee absenteeism rate from absent workdays and scheduled workdays, with examples, interpretation tips, and common reporting mistakes.
How to Calculate Discount Percentage and Final Price
Learn how to calculate discount percentage, discount amount and final sale price, with worked examples for common discounts and reverse calculations.
How to Calculate PTO Accrual: Hourly, Biweekly and Monthly Examples
Learn how PTO accrual works with hourly, per-pay-period and monthly examples, plus formulas for earned, used and remaining paid time off.
Percentage Decrease Formula: How to Calculate a Decrease
Learn the percentage decrease formula with step-by-step examples, common mistakes, and the difference between decrease, increase, and percentage difference.
Revenue Growth Formula: MoM, QoQ and YoY Examples
Learn how to calculate revenue growth between two periods, compare month-over-month, quarter-over-quarter and year-over-year growth, and avoid common baseline mistakes.
Contribution Margin Explained
Understand contribution per unit and avoid confusing contribution margin with profit margin.
Employee Turnover Rate Explained
Learn a common employee turnover formula and the reporting choices that should be documented.
Useful Excel Percentage Formulas
Use clear Excel formulas for percentage of total, percentage change and value increases.
Gross Margin vs Net Margin
Understand the conceptual difference between gross and net margin without assuming one accounting policy.
How to Calculate a Percentage
Calculate percentage of a total, avoid denominator mistakes and understand results above 100%.
How to Calculate Break-even Point
Calculate break-even units from fixed cost, selling price and variable cost per unit.
How to Calculate CPC
Calculate average cost per click and understand why CPC alone does not measure profitability.
How to Calculate CTR
Calculate click-through rate from clicks and impressions and understand its limits.
How to Calculate Employee Turnover Rate
Apply a common turnover formula while documenting the population and period being measured.
How to Calculate Markup
Calculate markup from cost and selling price and see why it differs from margin.
How to Calculate Profit Margin
Calculate profit margin from revenue and selected costs with a worked example.
How to Calculate ROAS
Calculate return on ad spend and understand what the ratio does and does not tell you.
How to Count Working Days in Excel
Use NETWORKDAYS and WORKDAY concepts for weekday planning and holiday ranges.
Margin vs Markup: What Is the Difference?
Understand how profit margin and markup use different bases and why confusing them can distort pricing decisions.
Percentage Change Formula with Examples
Calculate percentage change and interpret positive and negative results relative to the original value.
Percentage Increase Formula
Understand absolute versus relative increase and why a zero starting value has no percentage increase.
Percentage Increase vs Percentage Points
See why a change from 20% to 25% is five percentage points but a 25% relative increase.
ROAS vs ROI
Compare ROAS and ROI denominators and understand why strong ad revenue does not automatically mean profit.
What Is a Good ROAS?
Evaluate ROAS using economics and objectives instead of a fabricated universal benchmark.
How to Count Working Days Between Two Dates
Learn how to count Monday-to-Friday working days between two dates, handle inclusive dates, weekends and public holidays, and compare calendar days with workdays.